Volume 1: Student Life Chapter 458 It’s time to process the data
One article, two articles...
Three, four...
Chen Zhou stopped searching for literature only after he had downloaded eighty-seven articles.
Instead, I concentrated on studying the downloaded documents.
Between the last experimental data and a large amount of literature, Chen Zhou chose the latter.
In other words, the experimental data that Chen Zhou has not yet processed will have to be put off for a while.
Professor Friedman, who had never approached Chen Zhou, would have to wait for a while before Chen Zhou would take the initiative to look for him.
The literature downloaded by Chen Zhou almost covers all the experimental papers published by major mainstream research laboratories in the world.
It also includes some preliminary versions of papers from preprint websites.
Of course, Chen Zhou only used these preprints for reference.
Time quickly came to noon, and Chen Zhou, who had been immersed in the literature, put down his pen after finishing the review of another document.
Today's time for physics has passed.
After dinner, it’s time for math.
"How about starting with Galois theory?"
Chen Zhou sat at the desk again and habitually tapped the draft paper with a pen.
I took a look at the content I sorted out last night , and then looked at the draft paper next to me. It was one of the two major difficult problems left by Professor Artin, but it was called a sub-topic by Professor Artin, "Linear representation of Artin's L function of the Galois group."
Finally, I decided to start with Galois theory.
Chen Zhou was somewhat impressed by this not-so-familiar theory.
Chen Zhou has great admiration for the mathematician commemorated by this theory.
The history of mathematics is a history of geniuses, and Galois is undoubtedly a genius among geniuses.
During the five years from the age of 16 to 21, he systematically developed the brilliant idea of replacing calculations with group theory and created the wonderful Galois theory.
It is no exaggeration to say that Galois theory is the gateway to modern number theory and even modern mathematics.
When Wiles proved Fermat's Last Theorem, he mainly applied Galois theory.
The only regrettable thing is that Galois’ age remained at 21 forever.
Otherwise, he would have likely surpassed his contemporaries such as Gauss, Cauchy, Fourier and other great mathematicians.
Because these great mathematicians of that era did not understand Galois's theory.
For example, Abel's paper "The Quintic Equation Has No General Algebraic Solution" used more than 50 pages and a lot of calculations to prove that it is impossible to solve the general quintic equation in radical form.
However, if we use Galois theory to prove this point.
The process of the argument is "the Galois group of the general quintic equation is isomorphic to the total permutation group S5, and S5 is not a solvable group, so the general quintic equation cannot be solved by radicals."
You don't need to taste this kind of gap carefully.
When you see a large number of problems that are difficult to prove through complicated calculations.
When it can be proved concisely and accurately using sophisticated mathematical structures.
The beauty of Galois theory is reflected here.
In Chen Zhou's words, unless he can come up with mathematical tools and research directions as great as Galois theory next year.
Otherwise, he would have proven something, that is, some people really can’t be caught up even if they cheat…
What's even more terrifying is that Chen Zhou remembered seeing somewhere that the 21-year-old Galois wrote down his main research results on draft paper with extremely concise and jumping thoughts.
No one knew that the Galois theory had been in Galois' mind for more than a year.
Of course, Galois might have gone there with a bigger cheat...
Chen Zhou soon became immersed in Galois theory.
"Numbers and operations combined together can form a mathematical structure, which is a more essential and more abstract mathematical structure..."
"When this structure is further abstracted from numbers and conventional operations, the concept of 'group' is formed..."
It was the first time that Chen Zhou understood the concept of "group" from this perspective, and he couldn't help but feel a little surprised.
Add to that the concepts of rings and domains.
These abstract guys all appeared.
A group cannot be formed casually.
domain, maybe a little more complicated.
These are also the steps you need to take to climb to the peak of Galois theory.
This is also what Chen Zhou is obsessed with at this moment.
"If we take groups, rings, and fields as starting points, then the extended fields, solvable radicals, and radical towers in Galois theory are ingenious concepts..."
"And the automorphism of the field, the Galois group, and the Galois correspondence are the stroke of genius..."
The pen in Chen Zhou's hand left lines of text and mathematical symbols on the draft paper.
The draft paper also changed from one sheet to two sheets, and then to three sheets...
Every sheet of paper was filled to the brim.
These are proof of the passage of time.
Chen Zhou spent two days studying Galois theory in depth.
If anyone had seen Chen Zhou’s draft paper on his research on Galois theory.
You will be surprised to find that this guy actually simulated Galois's thought process.
That is the idea that Galois created the "Galois Theory".
Simply put, it means looking at numbers and calculations at a higher level.
Then the concepts of groups and domains were formed.
Then, through the method of domain and extended domain, a more accurate mathematical definition of the equation that can be solved by radical form is given.
From the study of the domain, it is found that a certain type of automorphism mapping of the domain corresponds to the permutation of the roots of the equation.
Thus, the secret of why the equation can be solved by radical form was discovered.
Then he took the key to open the mysterious door, that is, the Galois correspondence, and beautifully corresponded the field series and the group series.
Finally, based on profound logical deduction, the concept of solvable groups was formed.
And he also proved the equivalence between the solvability of radicals and the solvability of Galois groups.
Doesn’t it sound like a step-by-step process that won’t take much time?
In fact, it didn't take much time at all.
Galois nominally took five years, but in fact, it may not even have taken a year.
He created the core content of these Galois theories.
When Chen Zhou was studying and researching Galois theory, he also remembered a famous saying of Galois:
"Go beyond computation, group operations, and classify them according to their complexity, not their appearance..."
After Galois theory, Chen Zhou returned to the "Artin L function" of the sub-topic of "Linear representation of Artin L function of Galois group".
Just like that, after returning from Providence, Chen Zhou started a new round of rotation learning mode.
In physics, a comprehensive review of the literature is conducted.
Rely on the direction of the wrong question collection to determine your own research direction and the feasibility of the experiment.
In mathematics, subtopics and conjecture go hand in hand.
It’s just that the sub-topics progress faster and take more time.
As for me, I guess I can only stand by and watch, occasionally taking a look at the distributed deconstruction method to see if there is any progress.
This does not contradict Chen Zhou's original intention.
Because Chen Zhou is looking for and making up for his knowledge of algebraic geometry.
His purpose was to develop the method of distributed deconstruction through the content of algebraic geometry.
This indirectly solves the answer to Ge Guess's difficult question.
During this period, Yang Yiyi was mainly at LI GO.
In the middle of the trip, I went to Europe with Professor Weiss for an academic exchange.
In this regard, Yang Yiyi specifically asked Chen Zhou whether his mentor had mentioned this matter to him.
Chen Zhou’s answer was naturally no.
It had been a long time since he last met Professor Friedman.
There is not even any email communication.
Of course, there can be no academic exchanges.
Yang Yiyi was still a little surprised when she heard Chen Zhou's answer.
This European physics academic exchange mainly focuses on high-energy physics.
And it is managed by CERN, the world's largest particle physics laboratory.
It seems like a summary of the physics discoveries and research progress in 2016.
In a sense, this is not an insignificant academic meeting.
As a leading figure in the field of high-energy physics, Friedman is very likely to attend.
How come it wasn't even mentioned?
Chen Zhou didn't explain much about this. Anyway, he was now addicted to his own rhythm and couldn't extricate himself.
Apart from not being able to go to Europe to meet Yang Yiyi, Chen Zhou was happy to stay in the dormitory.
Anyway, since it is an academic exchange hosted by CERN, I will definitely be able to see the relevant conference content later.
And physics in 2016 can only be described as relatively stable.
The most eye-catching is the gravitational waves that were discovered last year.
Therefore, although Chen Zhou learned about the academic exchanges in European physics from Yang Yiyi.
But he did not take the initiative to find Friedman to inquire about the matter.
Chen Zhou believed that if Friedman had any plans, he would definitely inform him in advance.
Friedman never looked for me from beginning to end, which means that either Friedman took someone else there, or Friedman himself did not go.
Chen Zhou prefers the latter.
For such an old man, and an old scholar immersed in his own research, Chen Zhou felt that he was more likely to stay in the office.
Like me, waiting for the relevant meeting content from CERN.
Facts also confirmed Chen Zhou's guess. After the academic exchange in Europe began, Yang Yiyi told Chen Zhou that she had not seen Professor Friedman.
Moreover, during the entire academic exchange period in Europe, Friedman never looked for Chen Zhou.
After this academic exchange, Yang Yiyi returned to LIGO.
Chen Zhou once asked Yang Yiyi when she would return to MIT.
But Yang Yiyi herself didn't know, there was no definite time.
Chen Zhou had no choice but to joke that if he didn't come back, the next time he came to MIT would be next semester...
That’s right, as winter gets colder, the time is getting closer to the winter vacation.
When Yang Yiyi heard what Chen Zhou said, she just stared at him for a while, then smiled and said, "Then when I come back, we'll go home together~"
As Chen Zhou expected, on December 16, CERN took the initiative to publish the contents of the previous academic conference.
It is mainly what Yang Yiyi said, a review of 2016 and a look forward to the new year.
At the same time, part of CERN's experimental plan for the next year was also revealed.
Chen Zhou basically heard all of this from Yang Yiyi in the video clips she had with him.
There's nothing new.
Moreover, the tone of physics has now basically been set.
Physics within the Standard Model, and new physics beyond the Standard Model.
Both are core tasks in the current development of physics.
In addition, since it is an academic exchange conference hosted by CERN.
Of course, it is inevitable to brag about CERN’s own achievements.
However, these are indeed the achievements of CERN.
Just like CERN 's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located 100 m underground , at the end of June this year, its operating brightness reached the original design indicator, that is, a collision event rate of 10^34/cm2·s.
In addition, the new data obtained from several experiments conducted by CERN on the LHC in the first half of 2016 have shown that the signal significance of the study of the God particle "Higgs boson" has exceeded the results of the first phase of operation.
In addition, at the end of 2015, signs of a new particle with a mass of 750 GeV appeared at the LHC, becoming a focus of discussion among theoretical physicists.
Unfortunately, however, the latest research data this year shows that this sign is just an illusion caused by statistical fluctuations.
These achievements or falsifications also demonstrate the strength of CERN.
In other words, it heralds the birth of new physics, which will appear here at CERN.
Although the lack of new physics signals has further squeezed the living space of various new physics theories, including supersymmetry theory.
In addition, neutrino physics, low-energy strong interaction physics and the search for dark matter are areas that attract more of Chen Zhou's attention.
Especially in neutrino physics, a Nobel Prize-level achievement may be born.
This is the content of the report of the Italian GERDA experiment, in which they stated that no neutrinoless double beta decay was detected.
This result is more sensitive than before.
If this decay is detected, it means that the neutrino is its own antiparticle, that is, the Majorana particle.
It's definitely entertaining enough.
Of course, before this, Chen Zhou’s first major topic in the field of physics , “Where is the glue ball”, had not yet been accurately determined.
But it will be soon.
Chen Zhou closed the page of CERN's official website and prepared to return to his own rubber ball world.
After more than half a month of sorting out literature, I finally came to the SLAC experimental data and it was time to process the data.
It's finally time to get serious.
The previous content can be said to be preparation.
But when it comes to experimental data, it is really about setting experimental parameters for the next experiment.
Chen Zhou had just opened the documents and had not yet had time to spread out his favorite draft paper when he heard a knock on the door.
Chen Zhou got up and opened the door in confusion.
Standing outside the door were two unexpected people.
After Chen Zhou saw the faces of the two men clearly, he asked in surprise: "Two brothers, when did you come back? In the previous email, you said you didn't know when you would be back?"
The two people standing at the door were none other than Coyle and Matheson, who were both studying for their doctorates under Friedman.
The two had been kept there by Friedman since their last visit to the SLAC laboratory.
In an email exchange just a week ago, the two of them complained to Chen Zhou that they would not be able to come back for Christmas.
As a result, Christmas hasn't arrived yet, but both of them have returned.
Hearing Chen Zhou's words, Coyle immediately said mischievously: "We are here to urge you to process the experimental data quickly. Professor Cross complains to us from time to time."
"He said that every time he sent you an email, you said you were still processing it. But after processing it for so long, it seems like there is no progress at all. He is really exhausted from waiting..."
Chen Zhou was stunned for a moment, then he chuckled and said, "Right away, I'll start processing the experimental data, don't rush me..."
Speaking of Professor Cross, Chen Zhou actually felt quite sorry.
Cross is the dutiful type.
After Friedman's trip to the seaside, Cross took his duties as an "elder" seriously.
After all, he came to SLAC earlier than Chen Zhou.
Moreover, both his qualifications and academic achievements in physics are superior to Chen Zhou's.
Therefore, Cross wanted to take Chen Zhou with him and avoid taking detours.
At least Friedman can't be disappointed.
Compared to the rest of the people in SLAC arranged by Friedman, they can't lose either.
Unexpectedly, after Chen Zhou returned to MIT, he seemed to have disappeared.
No news at all.
Only when he took the initiative to send an email to inquire, would Chen Zhou tell him "Yes, the data is being processed, I will send it to you later."
It is almost unchanging, it is always this sentence.
So, Kroos was anxious and didn't know what to do.
This is what Coyle calls complaints and grumbling.
Chen Zhou still feels quite ashamed about this.
It is precisely because of Cross's identity that Chen Zhou cannot treat him the same way he treats his classmates and friends such as Shen Jing and Zhang Yifan.
It is even more impossible to cooperate with Cross in the same way as he cooperated with Yang Yiyi.
If that were the case, Chen Zhou estimated that he would not be able to explain himself clearly.
Therefore, Chen Zhou had no choice but to adopt this delaying tactic.
Wait until you have finished processing the data and submit a complete "answer sheet".
Then Cross will review it, help with revisions, and fill in the gaps, and everything will be OK.
Chen Zhou sometimes wondered how great it would be if Cross was not an old employee of SLAC or a professor of physics.
Then he could use Cross to look up documents and organize information just like he used Shen Jing and Zhang Yifan.
It also means you have a good helper who can do a lot of work.
Otherwise, I wouldn't have made sufficient preparations until now...
After Chen Zhou finished speaking, Coyle and Mai Xisen looked at each other and said in surprise, "You really haven't processed the experimental data yet, right?"
In their opinion, it has been so long since the experiment ended.
No matter how slow or procrastinating Chen Zhou is, it is impossible that he has not started processing the experimental data yet.
Moreover, they have also read Chen Zhou's paper.
Chen Zhou, who has a very high talent for mathematics, is extremely sensitive to data.
We should be more adept at processing experimental data.
How is it possible that after all this time, there is no progress at all?
Chen Zhou chuckled and said, "Not really. I just wrote two data points, so they should be counted, right?"
Coyle: “……???”
Matheson: “……???”
